Characteristics and differences of crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions under different cropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region
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摘要:
气候变化导致极端天气频发, 严重影响作物可持续生产。解析不同种植模式下作物产量和农田温室气体排放特征, 可为黄淮海地区构建作物丰产和低碳排放的气候韧性种植模式提供理论依据。本研究于2015—2020年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所新乡试验基地开展, 设置5种不同种植模式, 分别为单季冬小麦(W)、单季夏大豆(S)、单季夏玉米(M)、冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟(W-S)和冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟(W-M)。结果表明: W-M模式周年玉米当量产量、能量产量和经济效益均显著高于W、S、M和W-S模式; W-S模式的N2O累积排放量、直接温室气体排放量和单位播种面积碳足迹分别比W-M模式降低10.7%、11.1%和4.7%; 3种作物的氮素积累量表现为大豆>小麦>玉米, 玉米的氮肥偏生产力最高。综上, 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式可获得最高的作物产量、能量产量和经济效益, 在以产量和经济效益为目标的作物生产中, 冬小麦-夏玉米模式是较好的种植模式, 但其温室气体排放也最高, 后续应深入研究该种植模式的碳减排技术, 以达到丰产和低碳排放协同。
Abstract:Climate change has increasingly triggered extreme weather events, leading to significant adverse effects on crop production and posing challenges to the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study investigated the effects of different cropping systems on crop yields and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region to provide a scientific basis for constructing climate-resilient, high-yield, and low-carbon cropping systems in this region. The field experiments were conducted between 2015 and 2020 at the Xinxiang Experimental Base of the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Five distinct cropping systems were established: single-cropping system of winter wheat (W), single-cropping system of summer maize (M), single-cropping system of summer soybean (S), double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean (W-S), and double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize (W-M). This study comprehensively analyzed crop yield under the five cropping systems over six years and calculated the output value and economic benefit associated with each system. Additionally, from 2017 to 2019, we monitored soil GHG emissions, measured crop nitrogen accumulation, and calculated the partial factor productivity of nitrogen. The carbon footprint of each cropping system was assessed. The results revealed that the W-M cropping system consistently outperformed the other systems regarding annual maize equivalent yield, energy output, and economic benefit. This system demonstrated superior productivity, making it a highly effective system for achieving high yield and maximizing economic return. However, the W-M cropping system also exhibited the highest GHG emissions, indicating a potential trade-off between yield and environmental sustainability. In contrast, the W-S cropping system reduced cumulative N2O emissions, direct GHG emissions, andcarbon footprint per unit sown area by 10.7%, 11.1%, and 4.7%, respectively, compared with the W-M cropping system. This reduction highlighted the GHG mitigation potential of the W-S cropping system with a relatively high yield. Moreover, the nitrogen accumulation of the three crops from high to low was soybean>wheat>maize. However, despite the lower nitrogen accumulation in maize, it exhibited the highest partial factor productivity of nitrogen. In conclusion, although the W-M cropping system emerged as the most effective system for maximizing crop yield and economic benefit, it also presents environmental challenges owing to its higher GHG emissions. Therefore, further research is essential to develop carbon emission-reduction techniques for the W-M cropping system, with the aim of balancing high yield and low carbon emissions. This study provides critical insights into the trade-offs and synergies between crop productivity and environmental sustainability under different cropping systems, offering valuable guidance for the development of climate-resilient agricultural practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region and similar agroecological regions.
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Keywords:
- yield /
- greenhouse gases /
- cropping system /
- economic benefits /
- carbon footprint
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图 1 2015—2020年不同种植模式周年玉米当量产量和能量产量
W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different cropping systems in the same year at P<0.05 level.
Figure 1. Maize equivalent yield and energy yield under different cropping systems from 2015 to 2020
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图 2 2015—2020年不同种植模式的年平均产值和经济效益
W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。不同小写字母表示不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。图中的点为平均值。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different cropping systems at P<0.05 level. Dot in the figure refers to average value.
Figure 2. Annual average output values and economic benefits of different cropping systems from 2015 to 2020
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图 3 2017—2019年不同种植模式温室气体排放通量变化
W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。箭头表示施肥时间, 虚线表示两季作物生育期的间隔。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. The arrow indicates the fertilization time, and the dashed line indicates the interval between two crop growth periods.
Figure 3. Variations of greenhouse gas emission fluxes under different cropping systems from 2017 to 2019
表 1 农田生产投入成本
Table 1 Input cost to farm production
¥·hm−2 生产投入 Production input W S M W-S W-M 种子 Seed 774 420 1 080 1 194 1 854 复合肥 Fertilizer 3 525 3 525 3 525 7 050 7 050 灌溉 Irrigation 675 225 225 900 900 机械 Machinery 1 950 1 005 1 500 2 955 3 450 农药 Pesticide 675 450 750 1 125 1 425 人工 Labor 2 100 1 950 2 400 4 050 4 500 总投入 Total input 9 699 7 575 9 480 17 274 19 179 W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. 
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表 2 生产资料的温室气体排放系数
Table 2 Greenhouse gas emission factor of input items
投入项
Input item温室气体排放系数
(以CO2-eq计)
Greenhouse gas emission factor
(based on CO2-eq)数据来源
Data source复合肥 Compound fertilizer 1.77 kg·kg−1 [22] 农药 Pesticide 6.58 kg·kg−1 [14] 灌溉电力 Electricity for irrigation 0.92 kg·kWh−1 [14] 柴油 Diesel fuel 3.32 kg·kg−1 [14] 小麦种子 Wheat seed 1.16 kg·kg−1 [14] 玉米种子 Maize seed 1.22 kg·kg−1 [14] 大豆种子 Soybean seed 0.25 kg·kg−1 [14] 人工 Labor 0.86 kg·d−1 [14]
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表 3 生产过程中不同种植模式间接温室气体排放量(以CO2-eq计)
Table 3 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions under different cropping systems during the production process (based on CO2-eq)
kg·hm−2 模式
System投入 Input CEindirect 复合肥
Compound fertilizer农药
Pesticide电力
Electricity柴油
Diesel fuel种子
Seed人工
LaborW 1 327.50 29.61 349.14 185.92 200.10 22.58 2 114.85 S 1 327.50 19.74 116.38 99.60 15.00 20.96 1 599.18 M 1 327.50 32.90 116.38 166.00 36.60 25.80 1 705.18 W-S 2 655.00 49.35 465.52 285.52 215.10 43.54 3 714.03 W-M 2 655.00 62.51 465.52 351.92 236.70 46.76 3 818.41 W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟; CEindirect: 间接温室气体总排放量。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize; CEindirect: total indirect greenhouse gas emissions.
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表 4 2017—2019年不同种植模式的作物氮素积累量
Table 4 Nitrogen accumulation under different cropping systems from 2017 to 2019
kg·hm−2 种植模式
Cropping system2017—2018 2018—2019 小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean 小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean W 254.68±27.07a — — 231.65±14.13a — — S — — 308.23±7.10b — — 329.40±22.07b M — 190.20±23.56a — — 149.33±2.60a — W-S 230.23±27.11a — 358.94±22.10a 219.78±21.51a — 441.90±33.13a W-M 222.58±35.58a 208.99±30.87a — 207.52±3.34a 120.22±15.07b — W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。同列不同小写字母表示同一作物不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different cropping systems of the same crop at P<0.05 level.
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表 5 2017—2019年不同种植模式下作物氮肥偏生产力
Table 5 Partial factor productivities of nitrogen of different crops under different cropping systems from 2017 to 2019
kg·kg−1 种植模式
Cropping system2017—2018 2018—2019 小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean 小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean W 73.95±3.98a — — 73.52±4.19a — — S — — 25.23±1.85a — — 28.30±2.60a M — 82.14±0.36a – — 105.79±9.32a — W-S 65.01±5.14b — 22.95±1.80a 64.99±3.76b — 25.11±3.27a W-M 75.38±2.93a 55.07±1.32b — 63.12±4.73b 81.53±4.21b — W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟。同列不同小写字母表示同一作物不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different cropping systems of the same crop at P<0.05 level.
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表 6 2017—2019年不同种植模式温室气体累积排放量
Table 6 Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions under different cropping systems from 2017 to 2019
kg·hm−2 种植模式
Cropping system2017—2018 2018—2019 $ {\mathrm{C{E}_{{N}_{2}O}}} $ $ {\mathrm{C{E}_{{CH}_{4}} }}$ CEdirect ${\mathrm{ C{E}_{{N}_{2}O}}} $ $ {\mathrm{C{E}_{{CH}_{4}} }}$ CEdirect W 2.90±0.05c −0.65±0.16c 849.05±20.35c 2.23±0.12d −0.15±0.05ab 660.90±33.01d S 2.93±0.17c −0.12±0.16a 870.61±50.97c 2.83±0.12c −0.08±0.03a 840.52±35.49c M 3.27±0.10b −0.08±0.12a 973.86±35.40b 2.96±0.10c −0.13±0.12ab 879.54±27.94c W-S 3.56±0.35b −0.39±0.10b 1 050.14±104.51b 3.42±0.10b −0.28±0.17b 1 010.88±32.94b W-M 4.11±0.09a −0.24±0.10ab 1 219.61±26.79a 3.71±0.05a −0.30±0.05b 1 099.09±14.69a W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟; $ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} $ : 直接排放的N2O; $ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4}} $ : 直接排放的CH4; CEdirect:直接排放的温室气体。同列不同小写字母表示同一指标不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize; $ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} $ : direct emissions of N2O; $ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4}} $ : direct emissions of CH4; CEdirect: direct greenhouse gas emissions. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different cropping systems of the same indicator at P<0.05 level.
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表 7 2017—2019年不同种植模式的平均碳足迹
Table 7 Average carbon footprints of different cropping systems from 2017 to 2019
种植模式
Cropping systemCFA
/(kg·hm−2)CFMEEY
/(kg·kg−1)CFEY
/(kg·MJ−1)W 2 869.82±13.79c 0.28±0.00c 11.76±0.28b S 2 454.75±17.73e 0.28±0.00bc 16.02±0.24a M 2 631.88±6.66d 0.32±0.01a 11.33±0.47b W-S 4 744.53±38.69b 0.29±0.00b 11.80±0.12b W-M 4 977.76±6.09a 0.24±0.00d 9.89±0.43c W: 单季冬小麦; S: 单季夏大豆; M: 单季夏玉米; W-S: 冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟; W-M: 冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟; CFA: 单位播种面积碳足迹; CFMEEY: 单位玉米当量产量碳足迹; CFEY: 单位能量产量碳足迹。同列不同小写字母表示相同指标不同种植模式在P<0.05水平差异显著。W: single-cropping system of winter wheat; S: single-cropping system of summer soybean; M: single-cropping system of summer maize; W-S: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean; W-M: double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize; CFA: carbon footprint per unit of sown area; CFMEEY: carbon footprint per unit maize equivalent yield; CFEY: carbon footprint per unit energy yield. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different cropping systems of the same indicator at P<0.05 level.
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