农户分化视角下农业水价政策改革与节水技术采用倾向研究 基于河北地区农户调研数据

刘维哲; 王西琴

doi:10.12357/cjea.20210330

农户分化视角下农业水价政策改革与节水技术采用倾向研究基于河北地区农户调研数据

刘维哲,
王西琴^,

中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院　北京　100872

基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2018ZX07111001)和中国人民大学2019年度拔尖创新人才培育计划资助

详细信息

作者简介:
刘维哲, 主要研究方向为资源管理与环境经济。E-mail: liuvzhe@126.com

通讯作者:
王西琴, 主要研究方向为资源管理与环境经济。E-mail: wxiqin@ruc.edu.cn

中图分类号: F303.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-30
- 录用日期: 2021-08-02
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-07
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-07

Agricultural water price policy reform and water saving technology adoption tendencies from the perspective of farmers’ differentiation: Based on a survey in Hebei Province

LIU Weizhe,
WANG Xiqin^,

School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, China Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (2018ZX07111001) and the Outstanding Innovative Talents Cultivation Funded Programs 2019 of Renmin University of China.

More Information

Corresponding author:
WANG Xiqin: E-mail: wxiqin@ruc.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 作为农业水资源管理机制的重要创新, 农业水价政策改革旨在从需求侧管理角度出发引导农民进行灌溉行为的调整。本文以河北农业水价改革地区为研究对象, 实证检验了水价政策改革对节水技术采用的影响, 并基于技术属性和禀赋差异探讨了农户分化在技术采用中的倾向差异。研究发现: 1) “超用加价”模式的水价政策改革显著促进了节水技术的使用; 2)农户分化导致了节水技术选择中存在倾向差异, 低兼业农户倾向于使用抗旱品种和传统节水技术, 高兼业农户倾向于仅使用抗旱品种, 水价改革并未有效促进农户使用喷灌、滴灌等现代节水设施; 3)提升农民对节水技术有效性认知和水资源稀缺预期, 降低农民对节水技术使用的风险性感知可有效促进农户使用节水技术, 家庭非农就业程度对节水技术采用具有显著负向影响。未来应进一步推进水价政策改革试点, 同时需关注节水技术属性特点进行针对性推广。
- 农业水价政策改革 /
- 节水技术采用 /
- 农户分化 /
- 选择倾向 /
- 河北地区
Abstract: Agricultural water price policy reform is an important innovation in agricultural water resource management that aims to guide farmers in adjusting their irrigation behavior in response to demand-side management. In this study, we considered the agricultural water price reform in Hebei Province as the research topic and use empirical tests to assess the influence of water price policy reform on farmer adoption of water-saving technology. Herein, we discussed the differences in farmer perspectives regarding the adoption of water-saving technology based on technical attributes and variation in farmers endowment. The results indicated that: 1) the “raising price for exceeding amount” water price policy reform mode altered the relative economy of water-saving technology usage and promoted the use of water-saving technologies. 2) Farmer differentiation led to differences in water-saving technology selection; more specifically, low part-time farmers (proportion of non-agricultural income < 50%) preferred to use drought-resistant varieties and traditional water-saving technologies, whereas high part-time farmers (proportion of non-agricultural income > 50%) preferred to use drought-resistant varieties only. Additionally, the water price policy reform did not effectively promote the use of sprinkler and drip irrigation of farmers. 3) Improving farmer awareness of the effectiveness of water-saving technology and the reality of water scarcity forecasts, as well as reducing the risk perception of farmers to the use of water-saving technology, effectively benefited the adoption of water-saving technology. Finally, the degree of non-agricultural employment was found to have a significant negative impact on the local use of water-saving technology. Based on these results, we suggested the following implications for policy: 1) the continuation of vigorous agricultural water price policy reform promotion and the improvement of the reform system and mechanism design; 2) the strengthening of water-saving technology advocation and ensuring the appropriate promotion of technical attribute characteristics;. 3) focusing on differences in the endowments of farmers and striving to alleviate endowment constraints; 4) increasing publicity efforts aiming to enhance farmer awareness of water-saving technologies and water regimes, as well as helping farmers establish the appropriate water-saving awareness and water use concepts. This study provides empirical support for the practical effects of water price policy reform. Additionally, it is subdivided according to the attribute differences of various water-saving technology elements and describes farmers irrigation adaptation behavior in detail.
- Reform of agricultural water price policy /
- Water-saving technology adoption /
- Farmers’ differentiation /
- Selection tendency /
- Hebei Province

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表 1 不同节水技术属性与农户选择

Table 1 Attribute and selection of different water-saving technologies

节水技术种类 Type of water-saving technology	不确定性 Uncertainty	劳动投入 Labor input	资本投入 Capital input	选择该技术农户类型 Farmers type choosing this technology
抗旱品种 Drought-resistant varieties	增加 Increase	不变 Unchanged	不变 Unchanged	高兼业户、低兼业户 High level part-time farmers, low level part-time farmers
传统节水技术 Traditional water-saving technology	不变 Unchanged	增加 Increase	增加 Increase	低兼业户 Low level part-time farmers
现代节水设施 Modern water-saving facilities	增加 Increase	减少 Reduce	增加 Increase	高兼业户 High level part-time farmers

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表 2 模型关键变量定义及统计结果

Table 2 Definition and statistics of key variables of model

变量名称 Variable name	变量定义 Definition	均值 Mean value
节水技术采用 Water saving-technology adoption	0=否; 1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.41
水价政策改革 Reform of agricultural water price policy	0=否; 1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.18
性别 Gender	0=女; 1=男 0=female; 1=male	0.92
年龄 Age		54.51
受教育程度 Education level	1=文盲; 2=小学; 3=初中; 4=高中或中专; 5=大专及以上 1=illiteracy; 2=primary school; 3=junior middle school; 4=high school or technical secondary school; 5=college or higher	2.66
务农年限 Farming years	从事农业生产的时间 Time engaged in agricultural production (a)	32.18
户口类型 Account type	0=农业户口; 1=非农业户口 0=agricultural account; 1=non-agricultural account	0.99
兼业程度 Concurrent business degree	家庭非农收入比例 Proportion of non-agricultural income	0.61
家庭务农劳动力数量 Number of farming labors	家庭中从事务农的劳动力人数 Number of farming labor of household	2.31
家庭经济水平 Economic level of household	1=较低; 2=中等偏下; 3=中等; 4=中等偏上; 5=较好 1=low; 2=below average; 3=medium level; 4=above average; 5=high	2.33
家庭经营规模 Planting scale	hm²	0.89
土地块数 Number of cultivated land	该作物耕地细分块数 Number of subdivided plots of cultivated land	3.85
节水技术有效性认知 Cognition on the effectiveness of water-saving technology	1=完全不认同; 2=不太认同; 3=一般; 4=比较认同; 5=完全认同 1=totally disagree; 2=not so agree; 3=general agree; 4=quite agree; 5=totally agree	3.12
节水技术风险感知 Risk cognition of water-saving technology	1=完全不认同; 2=不太认同; 3=一般; 4=比较认同; 5=完全认同 1=totally disagree; 2=not so agree; 3=general agree; 4=quite agree; 5=totally agree	3.81
稀缺预期 Scarcity expectation	1=完全不认同; 2=不太认同; 3=一般; 4=比较认同; 5=完全认同 1=totally disagree; 2=not so agree; 3=general agree; 4=quite agree; 5=totally agree	4.42
水资源短缺状况 Water shortage status	1=非常充足; 2=比较充足; 3=刚好够用; 4=有些紧张; 5=严重缺乏 1=sufficient; 2=relatively sufficient; 3=just enough; 4=relatively shortage; 5=serious shortage	3.69
作物类型 Crop type	1=玉米; 2=小麦; 3=棉花 1=corn; 2=wheat; 3=cotton	1.76
流转土地 Transfer land	0=自有土地; 1=流转土地 0=self-owned land; 1=land transferred	0.87
土质类型 Soil type	1=沙土; 2=壤土; 3=黏土 1=sand; 2=loam; 3=clay	2.22

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表 3 水价政策改革对节水技术采用回归结果

Table 3 Regression results of reform of water price policy on water-saving technology adoption

变量 Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
水价政策改革	0.416^***	0.369^***	0.409^***	0.302^***	0.297^***	0.276^***
Reform of water price policy	(0.034)	(0.037)	(0.028)	(0.021)	(0.018)	(0.020)
性别			−0.003	−0.005	0.002	0.002
Gender			(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
年龄			−0.012	−0.036	−0.038	−0.027
Age			(0.037)	(0.037)	(0.028)	(0.029)
文化程度			0.072^*	0.082^**	0.069^**	0.068^**
Education level			(0.037)	(0.03)	(0.031)	(0.032)
从事农业年限			0.013	0.001	0.002	0.002
Farming years			(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.013)	(0.011)
户口类型			0.034	0.055	0.026	0.048
Account type			(0.069)	(0.073)	(0.058)	(0.060)
兼业程度				−0.021^*	−0.017^*	−0.016^*
Concurrent business degree				(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.009)
家庭务农劳动力人数				0.104	0.039	0.021
Number of farming labors				(0.134)	(0.087)	(0.076)
家庭经济水平				0.022	0.028^*	0.026
Economic level of household				(0.018)	(0.016)	(0.016)
家庭经营规模				0.017^*	0.022	0.018
Planting scale				(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.012)
节水技术有效性认知					0.020^**	0.021^**
Cognition on the effectiveness of water-saving technology					(0.090)	(0.010)
节水技术风险感知					−0.133^***	−0.118^***
Risk cognition of water-saving technology					(0.026)	(0.035)
水资源稀缺预期					0.301^**	0.208^**
Scarcity expectation					(0.130)	(0.090)
水资源短缺状况						0.016^*
Water shortage status						(0.009)
作物类型(参照组: 玉米) Crop type (control group: maize)
小麦						0.213^***
Wheat						(0.049)
棉花						0.069^**
Cotton						(0.032)
土地产权						−0.001
Transfer land						(0.002)
土质类型						0.003
Soil type						(0.005)
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	未控制 Uncontrolled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
时间虚拟变量 Time dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
常数项 Constant	0.351^***	0.349^***	0.444^*	0.542^***	0.533^***	0.648^***
常数项 Constant	(0.0187)	(0.133)	(0.231)	(0.0169)	(0.112)	(0.149)
R²	0.174	0.181	0.204	0.086	0.103	0.133
观测值 Observations	1365	1365	1365	1365	1365	1365
*: P<0.01; : P<0.05; : P<0.1。括号内数值为回归结果的标准误。, and * mean significant correlation at P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.1 levels, respectively. The values in brackets are the standard error of regression results.

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表 4 节水技术选择的农户分化异质性回归结果

Table 4 Regression results of differentiation heterogeneity of farmers on water-saving technolgy adopation

变量 Variable	低兼业组 Low level part-time farmers			高兼业组 High level part-time farmers
变量 Variable	抗旱品种 Drought-resistant varieties	传统节水技术 Traditional water-saving technology	现代节水设施 Modern water- saving facilities	抗旱品种 Drought-resistant varieties	传统节水技术 Traditional water-saving technology	现代节水设施 Modern water- saving facilities
水价政策改革 Reform of agricultural water price policy	0.389^*** (0.060)	0.586^*** (0.041)	0.050 (0.041)	0.231^*** (0.051)	0.345 (0.324)	0.033 (0.046)
控制变量 Control variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
时间虚拟变量 Time dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
常数项 Constant	0.636^*	0.543^**	0.091^***	0.217^***	0.168^***	0.126^***
常数项 Constant	(0.371)	(0.252)	(0.010)	(0.041)	(0.023)	(0.013)
观测数 Observation	371	371	371	547	547	547
R²	0.143	0.339	0.362	0.202	0.467	0.149
*: P<0.01; : P<0.05; : P<0.1。括号内数值为回归结果的标准误。, and * mean significant correlation at P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.1 levels, respectively. The values in brackets are the standard error of regression results.

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表 5 按照兼业分组的节水技术选择回归结果

Table 5 Regression results of water saving technology selection grouped by concurrent

节水技术 Water saving technology	兼业类型 Type of part-time	水价政策改革 Reform of water price policy		控制变量 Controlled variable	地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	时间虚拟变量 Time dummy variable	观测数 Observations	R²
抗旱品种 Drought-resistant varieties	纯务农 Pure farmers	0.474^***	(0.101)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	98	0.144
	一兼 First part-time farmers	0.352^***	(0.078)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	273	0.371
	二兼 Second part-time farmers	0.323^***	(0.082)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	426	0.613
	非农户 Non-farmers	0.132^**	(0.061)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	121	0.08
传统节水技术 Traditional water saving technology	纯务农 Pure farmers	0.666^***	(0.125)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	98	0.269
	一兼 First part-time farmers	0.499^***	(0.181)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	273	0.622
	二兼 Second part-time farmers	0.576^*	(0.322)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	426	0.456
	非农户 Non-farmers	0.215	(0.711)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	121	0.199
现代节水设施 Modern water saving facilities	纯务农 Pure farmers	0.034	(0.461)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	98	0.565
	一兼 First part-time farmers	0.912^*	(0.521)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	273	0.418
	二兼 Second part-time farmers	0.034	(0.222)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	426	0.814
	非农户 Non-farmers	0.015	(0.172)	Controlled	Controlled	Controlled	121	0.215
*: P<0.01; : P<0.05; : P<0.1。括号内数值为回归结果的标准误。, and * mean significant correlation at P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.1 levels, respectively. The values in brackets are the standard error of regression results.

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