Abstract: The Tarim River Basin is limited by the natural environment and its agricultural level is backward. How to effectively improve agricultural land utilization efficiency is an important exploration direction for the development of agriculture in the region. The study adopts a two-stage network SBM model with consistent goals and the fsQCA method, using data from five provinces in the Tarim River Basin from 2010 to 2020, to analyze the multiple paths for improving agricultural land utilization efficiency in the Tarim River Basin. From the analysis of the overall efficiency of agricultural land use in the Tarim River Basin, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture has the highest efficiency, followed by Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, far higher than the Hetian region, Aksu region, and Kashgar region. The production stage efficiency is the lowest in the Hotan area, but the sales stage efficiency is the highest, giving it an advantage in agricultural product sales. The production stage efficiency in Aksu region is relatively low, and the sales stage efficiency is also at the lowest level among the five prefectures. The economic development level, industrial structure, industrialization level, agricultural mechanization level, planting structure, and planting scale of single factors are not necessary conditions for improving agricultural land utilization efficiency in the Tarim River Basin, and require the joint action of multiple factors. There are three main paths to improve agricultural land utilization efficiency in the Tarim River Basin: the “industrialization level + degree of agricultural mechanization” dominant “industrial structure + planting structure” auxiliary type, the “economic development level + industrial structure + degree of agricultural mechanization” dominant “planting structure” auxiliary type, and the “industrialization level + degree of agricultural mechanization” dominant “economic development level + industrial structure + planting scale” auxiliary type. Based on this, it is recommended to tailor policies to local conditions and implement them accurately. For areas with agricultural land utilization efficiency, the government should increase investment in agricultural technology, pay attention to the tilt of agricultural resources, and improve the level of agricultural technology; For regions with high land use efficiency and good agricultural development level, we should seize industrial advantages, promote the transformation of agriculture towards standardization, digitization, and intensification, and build agriculture into a modern industry. Grasp regional advantages and promote agricultural diversification. The natural environment and advantageous agricultural products in different regions of the Tarim River Basin vary. Therefore, it is necessary to combine local advantageous products, construct brand effects, vigorously develop characteristic agriculture, and build a diversified, multi-level, and multi type agricultural development system in various regions. Improve the degree of agricultural mechanization and achieve agricultural modernization. The degree of agricultural mechanization is the core condition in all three configurations, and it plays a key role in improving agricultural land utilization efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the structure of agricultural machinery equipment, achieve marketization and socialization of agricultural machinery services, continuously improve the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture, promote grain yield increase, increase farmers' income, and increase agricultural efficiency. Pay attention to regional economic development and leverage the driving role of industries. Research has shown that high-quality economic level, industrial structure, and industrialization level have greatly promoted the improvement of agricultural land use efficiency in the Tarim River Basin. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve coordinated development of various industries in the Tarim River Basin, achieve the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and comprehensively promote the diversified development of agriculture.