Abstract: The dual-carbon (Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality) goal initiates new requirements for agricultural green development, especially the green transformation of agricultural production methods, which is particularly urgent. Based on the analysis of the connotation and principles of agricultural green development, this study explored the current situation and future development focus of agricultural green development using the literature induction method. Furthermore, the research progress of agricultural green development was systematically sorted into four system levels, namely: production, industry, operation, and policy. Finally, the research status of agricultural green development under the dual-carbon goal was reviewed, and its future research trend was investigated. The study showed that the research on agricultural green development mainly focuses on basic theories, indicator measurements, development statuses, production systems, and supporting policies. However, research on the connotation and extension, as well as the system innovation of agricultural green development under the dual-carbon goal, is relatively weak. In the future, research on agricultural green development under the dual-carbon goal should focus on scientifically defining the new connotation of agricultural green development, comprehensively expounding the relationship between dual-carbon goals and agricultural green development, and constructing an evaluation index system for agricultural green development with localized Chinese characteristics. On this basis, the dilemma of agricultural green development should be diagnosed from the perspective of the entire agricultural industry chain, and future development focus should be determined against the dual-carbon target. In particular, we should explore the direction of multi-dimensional innovation; deeply integrate digital empowerment, subject cultivation, market guidance, organization guidance, and other innovative elements; and accelerate the innovation of the agricultural green development system under the dual-carbon goal from the four abovementioned aspects to provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for agricultural green development and comprehensively promote the rural revitalization strategy.