Functions and countermeasures of biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes:A review

Studies have shown that intensive agricultural production and homogenization of agricultural landscape have led to a decline in biodiversity across agricultural landscapes.This phenomenon has resulted in the loss of ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, natural pollination, pest regulation, erosion control and sustainable agricultural development.In this paper, the researches and practices of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and the related ecosystem services were reviewed.We discussed the role of agricultural landscape in biodiversity conservation, pollination service, regulation service, soil and water conservation and other aspects of ecological service functions and conservation.We summarized the practical measures taken in Europe and the United States for the conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.It was pointed out that although China had made significant efforts in the conservation of biodiversity, it neglected the protection of agricultural landscapes.In recent years, urbanization and intensive agricultural development have further exacerbated the loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.It was necessary to draw lessons from the European and American experiences to put forward a national strategy for the conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes in China.The intensification of conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in agro-ecological landscapes can benefit both crop yield and quality.The protection of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes required an integrated management of agricultural landscapes at agro-ecological and agro-landscape scales in order to restore and improve biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and the related ecosystem services functions.With specific regard to the problems and requirements of sustainable agricultural development in China, we suggested the development of biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes from policy and regulation measures, monitoring and evaluation, engineering and technology, research and development, technology integration, eco-subsidy system, training and extension, etc.